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What Is The Ethnicity Makeup Of Portoricians

Written By Wednesday, June 1, 2022 Add Comment Edit

People from Puerto Rico or who place culturally, as Puerto Rican

This article is about the broad category of people from Puerto Rico. For stateside people of Puerto Rican origin, see Stateside Puerto Ricans.

Puerto Ricans
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg
Total population
c. 9 million
Puerto Rican Diaspora: c. 6 million [1] [2]
Regions with significant populations
Puerto Rico
(2019)		 iii,193,694[3]
U.s. (2019) 5,828,706[4]
U.S. Virgin Islands
(2010)		 10,981[5]
Dominican Republic (2015) six,083[6]
Canada (2016) iii,405[vii]
Mexico (2000) i,970[8]
Venezuela (2001) 528[9]
Netherlands (2019) 241[x]
Languages
  • Castilian
  • English
Religion
  • Catholicism[eleven]
  • Protestantism
Related ethnic groups
  • Africans
  • Amerindians
  • Chinese
  • Corsican
  • Criollos
  • French
  • German
  • Irish gaelic
  • Italian
  • Jewish
  • Maltese
  • Mestizos
  • Mulattos
  • Spanish
  • Portuguese

Puerto Ricans (Castilian: Puertorriqueños; or boricuas) are the people of Puerto Rico, the inhabitants, and citizens of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and their descendants.

Overview

The civilization held in common by most Puerto Ricans is referred to as a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Spain, and more specifically Andalusia and the Canary Islands. Puerto Rico has also received immigration from other parts of Espana such as Catalonia besides equally from other European countries such as France, Ireland, Italy and Germany. Puerto Rico has also been influenced by African civilization, with many Puerto Ricans partially descended from Africans, though Afro-Puerto Ricans of unmixed African descent are only a significant minority. Also present in today's Puerto Ricans are traces (about 10-fifteen%) of the aboriginal Taino natives that inhabited the island at the time of the European colonizers in 1493.[12] [13] Recent studies in population genetics have ended that Puerto Rican factor puddle is on average predominantly European, with a significant Sub-Saharan African, North African Guanche, and Ethnic American substrate, the latter 2 originating in the aboriginal people of the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico's pre-Columbian Taíno inhabitants, respectively.[fourteen] [15] [16] [17]

The population of Puerto Ricans and descendants is estimated to be between 8 and 10 million worldwide, with nearly living on the islands of Puerto Rico and in the United States mainland. Within the Us, Puerto Ricans are present in all states of the Wedlock, and u.s.a. with the largest populations of Puerto Ricans relative to the national population of Puerto Ricans in the Usa at large are the states of New York, Florida, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, with large populations too in Massachusetts, Connecticut, California, Illinois, and Texas.[18] [19]

For 2009,[20] the American Customs Survey estimates give a total of iii,859,026 Puerto Ricans classified equally "Native" Puerto Ricans. Information technology likewise gives a total of 3,644,515 (91.9%) of the population beingness born in Puerto Rico and 201,310 (5.one%) born in the The states. The total population born outside Puerto Rico is 322,773 (8.i%). Of the 108,262 who were foreign born outside the United States (2.7% of Puerto Ricans), 92.9% were built-in in Latin America, three.8% in Europe, 2.seven% in Asia, 0.2% in Northern America, and 0.one% in Africa and Oceania each.[21]

Number of Puerto Ricans

Population (1765–1897)

The populations during Spanish dominion of Puerto Rico were:

Indigenous limerick of Puerto Rico 1765 - 1897
1765 Population Percent 1802 Population Pct 1897 Population Percentage
Other (incl: African,
Mulatto, Indigenous)1 		22,274 49.6% White 78,281 48.0% White 573,187 64.iii%
White 17,572 39.two% African sixteen,414 x.0% African 75,824 8.six%
African2 5,037 11.2% Mulatto 55,164 33.viii% Mixed 241,900 27.1%
- - - Other Africantwo xiii,333 8.two% - - -
- - - - - - - - -
Bandera de Costas.svg Puerto Rico 44,833 100.0% Spain Puerto Rico 163,192 100.0% Spain Puerto Rico 890,911 100.0%
1765 Census. (First census) [22] [23] 1802 Census.[23] [24] 1897 Census[25] ^1 Indigenous: Taino people, Too Arawak people. ^ii  : Slave population.

Current populations and their racial makeup

(July 1, 2016 Census estimate)

Racial and ethnic composition in Puerto Rico - 2016 Census estimate[26]
Ethnicity
White (2,825,100) 75.viii%
Black or African American (461,498) 12.4%
Asian (6,831) 0.ii%
Two or more than races (122,246) three.3%
American Indian (19,839) 0.5%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (370) 0.1%
Other races (289,905) 7.8%
Total:3,411,307 [26] 100.0%

Ancestry

Oversupply gathering on a street in Puerto Rico in 1939, photographed past Robert Yarnall Richie

The original inhabitants of Puerto Rico are the Taíno, who called the island Borikén; however, as in other parts of the Americas, the native people soon diminished in number after the arrival of Castilian settlers. As well miscegenation, the negative impact on the numbers of Amerindian people, especially in Puerto Rico, was almost entirely the result of Quondam Earth diseases that the Amerindians had no natural/bodily defenses against, including measles, chicken pox, mumps, flu, and fifty-fifty the cold. In fact, it was estimated that the majority of all the Amerindian inhabitants of the New World died out due to contact and contagion with those Old World diseases, while those that survived were further reduced through deaths by warfare with each other and with Europeans.[ citation needed ]

Thousands of Spanish settlers also immigrated to Puerto Rico from the Canary Islands during the 18th and 19th centuries, so many and then that whole Puerto Rican villages and towns were founded by Canarian immigrants, and their descendants would later form a majority of the population on the island.[ citation needed ]

In 1791, the slaves in Saint-Domingue (Haiti), revolted confronting their French masters. Many of the French escaped to Puerto Rico via what is now the Dominican Republic and settled in the west declension of the island, particularly in Mayagüez. Some Puerto Ricans are of British heritage, well-nigh notably Scottish people and English language people who came to reside there in the 17th and 18th centuries.[ citation needed ]

When Espana revived the Purple Prescript of Graces of 1815 with the intention of alluring non-Hispanics to settle in the isle, thousands of Corsicans (though the island was French since 1768 the population spoke an Italian dialect like to Tuscan Italian) during the 19th century immigrated to Puerto Rico, forth with High german immigrants too as Irish immigrants who were affected by the Great Dearth of the 1840s, immigrated to Puerto Rico. They were followed past smaller waves from other European countries and Prc.[ citation needed ]

During the early 20th century Jews began to settle in Puerto Rico. The beginning large grouping of Jews to settle in Puerto Rico were European refugees fleeing German–occupied Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. The second influx of Jews to the island came in the 1950s, when thousands of Cuban Jews fled Cuba after Fidel Castro came to ability.[27]

Ethnogenesis

The native Taino population began to dwindle, with the inflow of the Spanish in the 16th century, through illness and intermarriage.[28] Many Spaniard men took Taino and West African wives and in the start centuries of the Spanish colonial menses the island was overwhelmingly racially mixed. "Past 1530 in that location were 14 native women married to Spaniards, non to mention Spaniards with concubines."[29] Nether Spanish rule, mass clearing shifted the ethnic make-up of the isle, as a result of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. Puerto Rico went from existence two-thirds black and mulatto in the offset of the 19th century, to being virtually lxxx% white by the eye of the 20th century. This was compounded past more than flexible attitudes to race under Spanish dominion, every bit epitomized past the Regla del Sacar.[30] [31] [32] [33] [34] Nether Spanish rule, Puerto Rico had laws such every bit Regla del Sacar or Gracias al Sacar, which immune persons of mixed ancestry to pay a fee to exist classified as white,[35] which was the opposite of "one-drop rule" in Us social club later the American Civil War.[36] [37]

Two men sit past the side of a road with the ocean behind them in Puerto Rico.

Studies have shown that the racial ancestry mixture of the average Puerto Rican (regardless of racial self-identity) is nearly 64% European, 21% African, and 15% Native Taino, with European beginnings strongest on the west side of the island and West African beginnings strongest on the e side, and the levels of Taino ancestry (which, co-ordinate to some enquiry, ranges from about 5%-35%) generally highest in the southwest of the island.[38] [39] [twoscore]

A written report of a sample of 96 healthy cocky-identified White Puerto Ricans and cocky-identified Black Puerto Ricans in the U.S. showed that, although all carried a contribution from all three ancestral populations (European, African, and Amerindian), the proportions showed significant variation. Depending on individuals, although oft correlating with their cocky-identified race, African ancestry ranged from less than ten% to over l%, while European beginnings ranged from under 20% to over 80%. Amerindian ancestry showed less fluctuation, by and large hovering between 5% and 20% irrespective of self-identified race.[41] [42] [43]

Self-identified race

White

In the 1899 census, one twelvemonth after the United states invaded and took control of the island, 61.8% of the people were identified as White. In the 2010 United states of america Demography the total of Puerto Ricans that cocky-identified as White was 75.eight% or ii,825,100 out of the 3,725,789 people living in Puerto Rico.[thirty] [44] [45] downward from 80.five%[46] in the 2000 Census.[44]

The European ancestry of Puerto Ricans comes primarily from one source: Spaniards (including Canarians, Catalans, Castilians, Galicians, Asturians, Andalusians, and Basques). The Canarian cultural influence in Puerto Rico is one of the most important components in which many villages were founded from these immigrants, which started from 1493 to 1890 and beyond. Many Spaniards, especially Canarians, chose Puerto Rico considering of its Hispanic ties and relative proximity in comparing with other onetime Spanish colonies. They searched for security and stability in an environment like to that of the Canary Islands and Puerto Rico was the most suitable. This began as a temporary exile which became a permanent relocation and the last meaning wave of Spanish or European migration to Puerto Rico.[47] [48]

Other sources of European populations are Corsicans, French, Italians, Portuguese (especially Azoreans), Greeks, Germans, Irish, Scots, Maltese, Dutch, English, and Danes.

Black

In the 2010 United states Demography, 12.4% of people cocky-identified as Black.[44] Africans were brought past Spanish Conquistadors.[ commendation needed ] The vast majority of the Africans who were brought to Puerto Rico did and then every bit a consequence of the slave trade taking place from many groups in the African continent, but particularly the West Africans, the Yoruba,[49] the Igbo,[49] and the Kongo people.

Indigenous

Indigenous people make up the tertiary largest racial identity among Puerto Ricans, comprising 0.5% of the population.[44] Although this self-identification may be ethno-political in nature since unmixed Tainos no longer exist as a detached genetic population. Native American admixture in Puerto Ricans ranges between about five% and 35%, with effectually 15% existence the approximate average[50] [42] [43] [twoscore]

Puerto Rico'south cocky-identified indigenous population therefore consist mostly of indigenous-identified persons (oftentimes with predominant Indigenous beginnings, but not always) from within the genetically mestizo population of mixed European and Amerindian beginnings, even when most other Puerto Ricans of their exact same mixture would identify either as mixed-race or even equally white.

Asian

For its 2010 census, the U.S. Census Bureau listed the following groups to constitute "Asian":[51] Asian Indian, Bangladeshi, Bhutanese, Cambodian, Chinese, Filipino, Hmong, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Laotian, Malaysian, Nepalese, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Taiwanese, Thai, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Though, the largest groups come from Cathay and India. These groups represented 0.2% of the population.

Other

People of "Another race lone" or "Two or more than races" constituted 11.one% of the population in the 2010 Demography.

Although the boilerplate Puerto Rican is of mixed-race,[52] few actually identify as multiracial ("two or more than races"); but 3.iii% did so in the 2010 Census.[26] They more oftentimes self-identify with their predominant heritage or phenotype. Most take significant ancestry from two or more than of the founding source populations of Spaniards, Africans, and Tainos, although Spanish ancestry is predominant in a majority of the population.[53] According to the National Geographic Genographic Project, "the average Puerto Rican individual carries 12% Native American, 65% West Eurasian (Mediterranean, Northern European and/or Eye Eastern) and xx% Sub-Saharan African DNA."[54]

In genetic terms, even many of those of pure Spanish origin would have North and, in some cases, West African ancestry brought from founder populations, particularly in the Canary Islands.[55] Very few self-identified Black Puerto Ricans are of unmixed African ancestry, while a genetically unmixed Amerindian population in Puerto Rico is technically extinct despite a minuscule segment of self-identified Amerindian Puerto Ricans due to a small Amerindian component in their bequeathed mixture. Research data shows that 60% of Puerto Ricans carry maternal lineages of Native American origin and the typical Puerto Rican has between 5% and 15% Native American admixture.[54]

Modern identity

"A Puerto Rican family lives here" sign on a wall in San Juan

The Puerto Rico of today has come to class some of its own social customs, cultural matrix, historically rooted traditions, and its ain unique pronunciation, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions within the Spanish language, known equally Puerto Rican Castilian. Even later the attempted absorption of Puerto Rico into the United States in the early 20th century, the bulk of the people of Puerto Rico feel pride in their Puerto Rican nationality,[56] regardless of the private'due south item racial, indigenous, political, or economic background. Many Puerto Ricans are consciously enlightened of the rich contribution of all cultures represented on the isle. This multifariousness can be seen in the everyday lifestyle of many Puerto Ricans such as the profound Latin, African, and Taíno influences regarding food, music, trip the light fantastic toe, and architecture.[57]

Emigration

During the Spanish colonial menstruum, there was pregnant migration from Puerto Rico to Santo Domingo (DR), Cuba, the Virgin Islands, and Venezuela, and vice versa, because migration betwixt neighboring colonies especially under the same European power, was common. Virtually all Puerto Ricans who migrated to these areas during these times, alloyed and intermixed with the local populations. In the early days of US dominion, from 1900 to the 1940s, the Puerto Rican economy was small and undeveloped, it relied heavily on agronomics. At this time, Puerto Rican migration waves were mainly to Dominican Republic, the Virgin Islands, and US cities such equally Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Miami, New Orleans, and nearly importantly metropolitan area surrounding New York Metropolis and North Jersey. Over 5,000 Puerto Ricans migrated to Hawaii from 1900 to 1901.[58] [59] [60] [61] Puerto Rican migration to the US northeast started as early on as the 1890s, however information technology was a very, very small flow at the time. During the 1940s, Puerto Rican desire for independence slowly started to reject while desire for statehood and dependence on the US started rise, due to this more than Puerto Ricans started to look at the The states more favorably and take full advantage of their United states of america citizenship, huge flows of Puerto Ricans started to arrive in the U.s.a., particularly industrial cities in the Northeast and Midwest, coinciding with a strong decline in Puerto Ricans migrating to other countries and even other areas in the US like Baltimore, New Orleans, and Hawaii.[62] [63] From 1940 to 1960, the stateside Puerto Rican population rose from 69,967 to 892,513.

In the modern day, there are nigh 5.nine million Puerto Ricans in the US mainland.[4] Large concentrations tin be found in the Northeast region and in Florida, in the metropolitan areas of New York, Orlando, Philadelphia, Miami, Chicago, Tampa, and Boston, among others. Though, over 95% of Puerto Ricans living outside of Puerto Rico, live in the United States (US states), there is a significant and growing number of Puerto Ricans, mainly from Puerto Rico itself only to a lesser degree stateside Puerto Ricans as well, living outside the l States and the The states territory of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican populations in other countries are very small, non large enough to accept dominance over certain neighborhoods and cities like in Florida and the US Northeast. Unsurprisingly, Puerto Rico's neighbors take the biggest Puerto Rican communities exterior Puerto Rico and the Us mainland, to the due west Dominican Republic with fifteen,763, and to the due east US Virgin Islands with x,981, ten.three% of the territory'southward population, 2d highest percentage of any U.s. state or territory, after Puerto Rico (95.vii%) and before Connecticut (8.2%).[64] [65] There are pocket-sized numbers of Puerto Ricans in other countries like Canada, Spain, Mexico, United Kingdom, and other countries in Europe and the Caribbean/Latin America.

Language

Spanish and English are the official languages of the entire Commonwealth. A 1902 English-only language law was abolished on Apr five, 1991. So on Jan 28, 1993, the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico canonical Police force Number 1 once more making Spanish and English language the official languages of Puerto Rico.[52] [66] All official business of the U.S. District Courtroom for the Commune of Puerto Rico is conducted in English. The official languages[67] of the executive co-operative of government of Puerto Rico[68] are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. English is the primary language of less than ten% of the population.

Puerto Rican Spanish is the dominant linguistic communication of business organisation, education and daily life on the isle.[69] The US Census Bureau's 2015 update provides the post-obit:[seventy] 94.ane% of adults speak Spanish, 5.8% speak simply English language and little to no Spanish, 78.iii% practise not speak English "very well", 15.8% are fully bilingual in both English and Spanish, 0.1% speak other languages.[71]

Public school teaching in Puerto Rico is conducted almost entirely in Spanish. There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only. Objections from instruction staff are common, maybe considering many of them are non fully fluent in English.[72] English is taught equally a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to loftier school.

Dwelling to a sizeable Deaf customs, the actual numbers are unknown due to unavailable source information.[73] A 1986 estimate places the Puerto Rican deaf population to be between viii,000 and 40,000.[74] Due to ongoing colonization from the US mainland, the larger American Sign Language (ASL) is supplanting the local Puerto Rican Sign Language (PRSL, also known as LSPR: Lenguaje de Señas Puertorriqueño).[73] Although causeless to be a dialect or variant of ASL, information technology is currently unknown the degree of mutual intelligibility betwixt Puerto Rican Sign Language nor whether information technology is fifty-fifty a Francosign linguistic communication similar ASL. Indeed, there is a hesitancy amongst Puerto Rican Deaf to fifty-fifty mention LSPR after heavy handed oralist didactics of English language, Castilian, and Signed English language.[73] [75] Today, in that location is much contact betwixt ASL, PRSL, and Signed Spanish.[73]

The Spanish of Puerto Rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere. While the Spanish spoken in all Iberian, Mediterranean and Atlantic Spanish Maritime Provinces was brought to the island over the centuries, the most profound regional influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico has been from that spoken in the present-day Canary Islands. The Spanish of Puerto Rico also includes occasional Taíno words, typically in the context of vegetation, natural phenomena or primitive musical instruments. Similarly, words attributed to primarily West African languages were adopted in the contexts of foods, music or dances.[76]

Religion

There are many religious behavior represented in the isle. Religious breakdown in Puerto Rico (as of 2006) is given in the table on the right.[77]

Religion Adherents % of Population
Christian three,752,544 97.00%
Non-religious/other 76,598 ane.98%
Spiritist 27,080 0.70%
Muslim 5,029 0.13%
Hindu iii,482 0.09%
Jewish 2,708 0.07%
Buddhist 1,161 0.03%

The bulk of Puerto Ricans in the island are Christians. Spiritists accept a large secondary post-obit. Muslims, Hindus, Jews, and Buddhists all accept a small presence as well. Roman Catholicism has been the main Christian denomination amid Puerto Ricans since the arrival of the Spanish in the 15th century, but the presence of Protestant, Mormon, Pentecostal, and Jehovah's Witnesses denominations has increased under U.Southward. sovereignty, making modernistic Puerto Rico an inter-denominational, multi-religious community. The Afro-Caribbean religion Santería is likewise skilful.

In 1998, a news study stated that "Puerto Rico [was] no longer predominantly Catholic". Pollster Pablo Ramos wrote that the population was 38% Roman Cosmic, 28% Pentecostal, and 18% were members of independent churches.[78] However, an Associated Press article in March 2014 stated that "more than lxx percent of [Puerto Ricans] place themselves every bit Catholic".[79] The CIA Globe Factbook reports that 85% of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Cosmic, while 15% identify as Protestant and Other.[fourscore]

Political and international condition

Puerto Ricans became citizens of the United states as a result of the passage of the Jones–Shafroth Act of 1917. Since this law was the result of Congressional legislation, and not the upshot of an subpoena to the The states Constitution, the current U.Due south. citizenship of Puerto Ricans tin be revoked by Congress,[81] equally they are statutory citizens, not 14th Amendment citizens.[82] The Jones Act established that Puerto Ricans born prior to 1899 were considered naturalized citizens of Puerto Rico, and anyone built-in after 1898 were U.South. citizens, unless the Puerto Rican expressed his/her intentions to remain a Spanish subject. Since 1948, it was decided past Congress that all Puerto Ricans, whether born within the United States or in Puerto Rico, were naturally born United States citizens.

Puerto Ricans and other U.Due south. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote in presidential elections equally that is a correct reserved by the U.S. Constitution to admitted states and the Commune of Columbia through the Balloter College system. Even so, both the Democratic Party and Republican Party, while not fielding candidates for public office in Puerto Rico, provide the islands with land-sized voting delegations at their presidential nominating conventions. Delegate pick processes frequently take resulted in presidential primaries existence held in Puerto Rico. U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico do not elect U.S. representatives or senators. However, Puerto Rico is represented in the Firm of Representatives by an elected representative commonly known every bit the Resident Commissioner, who has the same duties and obligations as a representative, with the exception of beingness able to cast votes on the final disposition of legislation on the House flooring. The Resident Commissioner is elected past Puerto Ricans to a iv-twelvemonth term and does serve on congressional commission. Puerto Ricans residing in the U.South. states take all rights and privileges of other U.S. citizens living in u.s..

As statutory U.S. citizens, Puerto Ricans born in Puerto Rico may enlist in the U.S. military and have been included in the compulsory typhoon when it has been in effect. Puerto Ricans have fully participated in all U.South. wars and military conflicts since 1898, including World War I, Globe War Ii, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq State of war.

Since 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has adult a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans. In order to be eligible, applicants must take been built-in in Puerto Rico; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican-born parent; or be an American citizen with at to the lowest degree one yr residence in Puerto Rico. The citizenship is internationally recognized past Spain, which considers Puerto Rico to be an Ibero-American nation. Therefore, Puerto Rican citizens accept the ability to use for Spanish citizenship after but 2 years residency in Spain (instead of the standard x years).

Decolonization and condition referendums

Since 1953, the United nations has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist information technology in achieving "independence" or "decolonization." In 1978, the Special Committee adamant that a "colonial relationship" existed between the United states and Puerto Rico.[83]

The UN's Special Committee has referred oft to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports, considering, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean area nation with their own national identity.[84] [85] [86] Almost recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the procedure to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More than specifically, the group called on the Usa to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to do fully their right to self-decision and independence. ... permit the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economical and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".[87]

Puerto Rico has held four referendums to determine whether to retain its status as a territory or to switch to some other status such as statehood. The fourth, the Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012 occurred on Nov half-dozen, 2012. The result a 54% majority of the ballots cast against the continuation of the island's territorial political condition, and in favor of a new condition. Of votes for new status, a 61.one% majority chose statehood.[88] [89] [90] This was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates. In all earlier referendum, votes for statehood were matched almost equally by votes for remaining an American territory, with the remainder for independence. Support for U.S. statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum.[91] [92]

The fifth Puerto Rican status referendum of 2017, was held on June eleven, 2017, and offered 3 options: "Statehood", "Independence/Free Association", and "Current Territorial Status." With 23% of registered voters casting ballots, 97% voted for statehood.[93] Benefits of statehood would include an additional $ten billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, college Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a correct for its regime agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.[94]

Even with the Puerto Ricans' vote for statehood, action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the condition of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution.[94]

Run into also

  • Demographics of Puerto Rico
  • History of Puerto Rico
  • History of Puerto Ricans
  • History of women in Puerto Rico
  • List of Puerto Rican Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
  • List of Puerto Rican Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
  • List of Puerto Ricans
  • Listing of Stateside Puerto Ricans
  • Armed services history of Puerto Rico
  • Nuyoricans
  • Puerto Rican citizenship
  • Puerto Rican migration to New York
  • Puerto Rican status plebiscite, 2017
  • Puerto Ricans in the United States

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Further reading

  • "Adiós, Borinquen querida": The Puerto Rican Diaspora, Its History, and Contributions, by Edna Acosta-Belen, et al. (Albany, New York: Middle for Latino, Latin American, and Caribbean Studies, SUNY-Albany, 2000)
  • Boricua Hawaiiana: Puerto Ricans of Hawaii—Reflections of the Past and Mirrors of the Hereafter, past Blase Camacho Souza (Honolulu: Puerto Rican Heritage Club of Hawaii, 1982)
  • Boricua Literature: A Literary History of the Puerto Rican Diaspora, by Lisa Sénchez González (New York: New York University Printing, 2001)
  • Boricua Popular: Puerto Ricans and the Latinization of American Culture, by Frances Negrón-Muntaner (New York: New York University Press, 2004)
  • Yo soy Boricua in "United States of Banana", by Giannina Braschi (AmazonCrossing, 2011)
  • Boricuas: Influential Puerto Rican Writings, past Roberto Santiago (New York: One Earth, 1995)
  • Boricuas in Gotham: Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York City, edited past Gabriel Haslip-Viera, Angelo Falcón and Félix Matos Rodríguez (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2004)
  • Taino-tribe.org, PR Taíno DNA report

External links

  • Media related to Puerto Rican people at Wikimedia Eatables

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans

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